Many people will have experienced the frustration of putting their car keys in the fridge while leaving the milk out on the side, or the embarrassment of answering 'yes' when asked if they would like the chicken or the fish.
Typically, such accidents are explained away as 'unintentional'. In fact, a new study has shown that these errors occur because people always control their actions through mental imagery. If they, perhaps without noticing, conjure up a wrong mental image, an unexpected action may follow.
The research, led by PhD student James Colton demonstrated for the first time how it is possible to bring about involuntary movements from people, just by giving them a strong enough mental image of that movement.
Thirty-two University of Plymouth undergraduates took part in the experiment, in which they were asked to imagine performing a simple finger-tapping pattern in time with a metronome, but to keep completely still.
Occasionally, images of either the same or a different movement flashed up in front of them (e.g. a left or right finger keypress), which they were asked to ignore. Strikingly, in these instances, participants could not follow the instructions to keep their fingers still. They sometimes executed the actions they were imagining; especially when the action they saw matched the action they imagined and would therefore strengthen it.
James said:
“These findings are a step change for our understanding of how humans control their own actions, and why they sometimes fail to do so. They do not necessarily represent a form of ‘mind-control’, but show that our actions typically follow whatever we imagine. This means that simply bringing up the correct mental image will make us act in the way we want. However, it also means though that when we accidentally picture other actions, such as during multitasking, it may cause us to act in a way we do not intend, and this may feel involuntary.
The findings also reveal links between the voluntary control of action and more mysterious ideomotor phenomena such as the use of a Ouija board. Ouija boards are revered by some for their ability to channel spirits from beyond the grave. In fact, the participants are simply channelling their own thoughts by imagining what their friends and relatives might be saying in a conducive environment. As the famous psychologist/philosopher William James pointed out in 1890, such phenomena therefore do not reflect 'a curiosity' but instead tap into the 'normal process' of intentional behaviour.”
The full study, entitled Intention insertion: activating an action’s perceptual consequences is sufficient to induce non-willed motor behaviour, is available to view in the Journal of Experimental Psychology (doi: 10.1037/xge0000435).
